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Figure C-4: What you should see when executing startup.bat The windows in Figure C-4 are stacked for display purposes, so your display will differ. If you see two command windows such as the ones shown, you can be pretty sure that your Tomcat installation was successful. You want to display Web pages in your Web server, right? Although the command windows shown in Figure C-4 show Tomcat executing, you need to call up a Web page and check out some servlets and JSPs. This process is covered in the following sections. Displaying Web Pages in Tomcat Open a browser and enter the following URL: http://localhost:8080/ Figure C-5 shows what you should see on your screen.
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set JAVA_HOME=d:jdk1.3set TOMCAT_HOME=d:tomcat32 After you code the assignments, you need to restart your machine or execute your autoexec.bat file to make the variable assignments. If you are running Windows 2000 or Windows NT, you can use the System Properties control panel to set these environment variables. From your Start button, select Settings @@> Control Panel @@> System @@> Environment. Figure C-3 shows the Environment control panel. Figure C-3: The Windows NT Environment control panel If you find existing entries for environment variables in the control panel, you may click the entry to view and edit its value as necessary. Click OK or Apply to set the variables. Caution Be careful when setting environment variables in command windows. Windows starts a separate process for each command window opened. Therefore, if you issue a SET command to assign environment variables values in one window, the variables have these values when executing programs from within this command window only. Placing your SET commands in your autoexec.bat file or setting variable values in the control panel makes the values known to all processes. Okay, you re almost home. With the Tomcat environment variables set, you are ready to test your Tomcat installation. Testing Your Tomcat Installation The directory TOMCAT_HOMEbin contains several startup and shutdown files. The files you are interested in are called startup.bat and shutdown.bat. First, run the startup file by double-clicking its icon or running the file from a command window. Once you execute the startup file, you should see two windows that resemble those shown in Figure C-4.
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Figure C-2: Tomcat directory structure As you can see, several directories shown in the figure have subdirectories. Not all the subdirectories within Tomcat can be shown here because of space limitations. Throughout this appendix we will examine different directories in the Tomcat installation that are relevant to the Tomcat configuration and JSP processing. Assuming you see something similar to Figure C-2 on your screen, you are almost ready to check whether your Tomcat installation was successful. However, first you need to set up a few environment variables, as described in the following section. Setting Your Tomcat Environment Variables Tomcat uses a script located in the bin directory called, appropriately enough, startup.bat, which requires several environment variables to be set on your system for proper execution. Table C-1 lists these variables and their purpose. Table C-1: Tomcat Environment Variables Variable Name Purpose JAVA_HOME Points to the root directory of your Java installation. TOMCAT_HOME Points to the root directory of your Tomcat installation. If you are running Windows 9x, you can assign these environment variables in your autoexec.bat file as follows:
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The Tomcat download site classifies downloads into release builds, milestone builds, and nightly builds. The release builds are the stable versions of the Tomcat product. Once you get to the download site, scroll to the release builds section and select Tomcat 3.2.1 (or whatever is the most current release being offered). Figure C-1 shows the screen containing the download files. Figure C-1: Tomcat release 3.2 download page From this page you can select a Tomcat version for Windows 9x, Windows NT, or Windows 2000, or for various UNIX flavors. Assuming you are using some version of Windows, select jakarta-tomcat-3.2.1.zip to commence the download. After a successful download, you should have a zip file called jakarta-tomcat-3.2.1.zip on your hard drive. Installing Tomcat Installing Tomcat is a straightforward process. Just open the zip file and extract all contained files in the archive. Note You need a copy of PKZIP to extract the contained files. You can get a copy at http://www.pkware.com/. This site has compression/extraction tools for several operating systems. You may want to create a directory at your disk root; for example, use d:tomcat32 to hold all the Tomcat files. After extracting the files, your directory structure should resemble that shown in Figure C-2.
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EJB & JSP: Java On The Edge, Unlimited Edition by Lou Marco ISBN: 0764548026 Your Guide to Cutting-Edge J2EE Programming Techniques. Appendix C: Configuring the Tomcat Web Server This appendix discusses Tomcat and provides advice on how to get the Tomcat release 3.2 Web server. Tomcat is the Reference Implementation for the Java Servlet 2.2 and JavaServer Pages 1.1 Technologies. In other words, Tomcat is a Web server that implements the most current release of JSP and Java Servlets. The Tomcat Web Server Tomcat is a Web server that contains a JSP container. Tomcat is quick and easy to install and to use, and offers the following advantages: . Tomcat is free. . You can download the source code for Tomcat as well as the binaries. If you really want to learn about server internals, the Tomcat source is a great resource. . Mailing lists about Tomcat are available to one and all. These lists are devoted to disseminating information, including posted questions and answers. Tomcat is designed to work as both a standalone Web server or in conjunction with application servers, such as Apache or JBoss. For your purposes here, it is more interesting to run Tomcat as a standalone Web server because it offers a straightforward way to learn about JSPs. However, in the real world, if you opt to use Tomcat, you may want to integrate Tomcat with another Web application server. Tomcat was, and currently is, developed by a community of dedicated individuals under the umbrella of the Jakarta Project. You are encouraged to learn about the Jakarta Project by taking a look at http://jakarta.apache.org/index.html. From this site, you can get to the page where you can download the Tomcat Web server. As of this writing, the latest release of Tomcat is release 3.2. Note By the time you read this book, it is very likely that the Jakarta folk will have a more recent version of Tomcat available, probably release 4.0. Be advised that the description of Tomcat given here applies to release 3.2. Several details and particulars may change between successive releases. Downloading Tomcat Release 3.2 You can get to the download page for Tomcat from the Jakarta URL or go to http://jakarta.apache.org/site/binindex.html. (If you prefer, you can get to the source code download from here as well.)
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EJB & JSP: Java On The Edge, Unlimited Edition by Lou Marco ISBN: 0764548026 Your Guide to Cutting-Edge J2EE Programming Techniques. Summary There are many JSP engines on the market today, and you may or may not use Tomcat in your JSP projects. Since Tomcat is the reference JSP implementation endorsed by Sun Microsystems, it will support new JSP specifications more quickly than most other JSP engines. For this reason you will want to become familiar with Tomcat whether you use it regularly or not because it will be a valuable tool for both regular use and for examining new JSP releases now and in the future.
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EJB & JSP: Java On The Edge, Unlimited Edition by Lou Marco ISBN: 0764548026 Your Guide to Cutting-Edge J2EE Programming Techniques. Appendix D: XML Overview Throughout this book, you ve read about JSP elements and EJB files coded in XML syntax. Although the examples of such elements and files presented in the book convey the essential flavor of XML syntax, a more thorough presentation is called for. Thus, the purpose of this appendix is to present the essentials of XML syntax. This appendix provides an overview of XML, or Extensible Markup Language, a universal document format for structuring data for presentation on the Web. The appendix starts with an overview of XML features that overcome existing problems with HTML. Next, an extremely simple XML document is provided along with a discussion of XML document components. The important XML terms, well-formed documents and valid documents, are covered, as are XML Document Type Definitions (DTDs). Finally, a brief description of related technologies wraps up this appendix. XML Features XML does not have a fixed set of markup tags, overcoming HTML s greatest deficiency, according to some experts. XML is not a markup language per se; XML is a meta-markup language that enables document authors to define their own tags. As a result, authors can create markup languages peculiar to their particular industries, and XML document authors can use this markup language to encode data in industry-specific terminology. XML requires document authors to follow certain rules in creating what is known as well-formed XML documents. If these rules are not followed, the XML document is useless. This XML specification prohibits XML tools from trying to fix problems with the document. The intent is to stop the browser madness prevalent in HTML, in which different browsers attempt to fix broken HTML and, of course, parse and display this HTML differently. For example, an HTML document author can write HTML with missing end tags, which the major browsers parse and display. Such foolishness cannot fly with XML; if an XML document is broken, the document cannot be rendered. Therefore, an XML author can confidently create XML documents, knowing that these documents are parsed identically with different pieces of compliant software. XML stresses the separation of data content from data presentation. Over time, HTML has blurred the distinction between organizing document content and displaying the content. A typical HTML document has tags that describe relationships among document content (such as